Recent study in Ethiopia showed high residue level of tetracycline in slaughtered beef cattle from three slaughter houses in central Ethiopia. In addition, some of the livestock traders treat animals with broad spectrum antimicrobials before transportating to abattoir to protect animals from stress associated infections, leading to increased risk of release of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in the abattoir environment and wastewater from such facilities. In Addis Ababa, some of the animals are sourced from feedlots where antimicrobials are used frequently creating selection pressure on susceptible bacterial communities. Abattoirs in most developing countries have unhygienic environments that promote the growth of pathogenic microorganisms. This may serve as source of infection with resistant pathogenic bacteria to the farmers themselves and consumers of the vegetables. The contaminated rivers are usually used for irrigation purpose by small scale farmers growing vegetables. In Addis Ababa, wastewater from some of the health facilities including hospitals, livestock farms and abattoir facilities are directly discharged to the rivers. The discharge of untreated wastewater to the water bodies greatly contributes to the environmental pool of antimicrobial resistant bacteria and antimicrobial resistance genes. The effluent could contain multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogenic organisms capable of causing infection in humans and animals or commensal organisms capable of transmitting their resistance genetic markers to other bacterial species in the environment impacting natural ecosystem. In developing countries like Ethiopia, wastewater generated from most of the hospitals and abattoirs do not get appropriate treatment before being released to the nearby rivers and streams. In addition, the misuse and overuse of antimicrobial agents in food animal production are also posing serious risk of selection for resistant bacterial pathogens and commensal organisms. Hospitals are the primary hotspots for selection of resistant microbes where several types of antimicrobials are flushed frequently inducing high selection pressure in the bacterial community. Misuse and overuse of antimicrobials in humans and livestock has led to the emergence of antimicrobial resistant bacterial strains compromising the effectiveness of antimicrobial therapy. They have been used to treat and prevent microbial infections in human and veterinary medicine for decades. Hospital effluents contained more of MDR bacteria, posing significant public health threat through dissemination to the downstream water bodies.Īntimicrobials are natural or synthetic chemicals that kill or inhibit the growth of susceptible microorganisms. The present study revealed that Enterobacteriaceae in wastewater from hospitals, abattoir and downstream water bodies are resistant to commonly used antimicrobials. Extended spectrum betalactamase (ESBL) production was detected in 27.3% of MDR isolates, all of them obtained from hospital effluents whereas none of the isolates were carbapenemase producers. Multi-drug resistance (MDR) to several antimicrobials was recorded, particularly in isolates obtained from hospital WWS and it was more common in Citrobacter and E. All isolates were resistant to 2 or more antimicrobials tested. coli isolate from the same source was resistant to 11 antimicrobials.
isolated from TASH wastewater sample (WWS) were resistant to all 12 antimicrobials tested whereas an E. ResultsĪ total of 54 bacterial isolates belonging to 6 species were identified: E.coli (32%), Salmonella 23%), Klebsiella pneumonia (15%), Enterobacter aerogenes (11%), Citrobacter (7%), Klebsiella oxytoca (6%) and Enterobacter cloacae (6%), respectively. The present study assessed antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae isolated from wastewater samples (WWS) of two hospitals: Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital (TASH) and Minilik II hospital, a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and an abattoir, and downstream rivers in Addis Ababa. There is limited information about antimicrobial susceptibility profile of common Enterobacteriaceae in waste water samples from hospitals, abattoirs and the downstream water bodies in Addis Ababa. Evaluation of antimicrobial susceptibility profile of various bacterial pathogens in the health facilities, abattoirs and related environment is important to assess potential risk of dissemination of resistant pathogens to the environment.
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